The earlier Winter Schools 1985-98

   Character of school: Some of you may be wondering what were the previous
   schools like or who are the local participants?

   Their level will range from graduate students to postdoctoral level
   and professors. Some of the first-mentioned may take the thing
   for credit, the rest just want to learn something new. Most people
   will have a physical chemistry/chemical physics/molecular physics
   background, but we also always have tried to have people from
   the application area of each particular year. To give you an idea,
   the earlier Schools, and lecturers, were:

   1985 Applied Quantum Chemistry (Gropen, Roos, Wilson)
   1986 Liquid Crystals (Emsley, Luckhurst, Sjöblom)
   1987 Quantum Chemistry (Bursten, Pajunen, A.J. & J. Sadlej)
   1988 Molecular Dynamics and Quantum Pharmacology (Gilbert, A. Laaksonen,
        Lohr, Pietilä, Teleman, Weinstein)
   1989 New Chemical Species and Their Detection (Boggs, Bowmaker, Clark,
        Frenking, Grotemeyer, Handy, Jalonen, Pyykkö)
   1990 DNA, Heavy Metals and their Interactions (Balch, Laitalainen, Osman,
        Pyykkö, Schwerdtfeger, Wahlgren)
   1991 Quantum Chemistry of Complex Systems (Adamowicz, Helgaker, Joergensen,
        Karelson, Karlström)
   1992 Condensed Matter: From Metals to Membranes (Ala-Nissilä, Eriksson,
        Kokko, A. Laaksonen, Mu"ller-Plathe, Puska)
   1993 Colloid Chemistry in Materials Science (L. Laaksonen, Lemmetyinen,
        Rosenholm, Sjöblom, F. Sundholm)
   1994 Relativity and Pseudopotentials (Daudey, Heully, Marian, Pyykkö,
        Teichteil, Wahlgren)
   1995 Calculation of NMR Parameters (Dederichs, Fleischer, Gauss,
        Jokisaari, Kaupp, Kutzelnigg, Nakatsuji, Oddershede, Pyykkö, Ruud)
   1996 Determination of Nuclear Quadrupole Moments (Bieron, Hemmingsen,
        Kaldor, Labzowsky, Olsen, Pyykkö, Kellö, Schwarz, Visscher)
   1997 Solvation (Mikkelsen, Karelson, Klamt, Luo, Laasonen, Tamm)
   1998 Chemical Reactions (Miller, Minaev, Rzepa, Scott, Troe)   
   1999 Electron and Proton Transfer in Biological Systems 
        (J. Ulstrup, S. Scheiner, M. Wikström, W. Zinth, P. Bala, and 
        J. Korppi-Tommola)

   The 1994 program was organized by the Toulouse group. The school was
   supported by REHE (the research programme 'Relativistic Effects in Heavy-
   Element Chemistry and Physics' of the European Science Foundation).
   Of the 25 foreign participants, most came from Central or Eastern Europe.
   The 1995 workshop was supported both by REHE and NorFA, the 1996
   workshop by REHE, and the 1997 workshop by NorFA.

   For graduate students, a test will be arranged afterwards. We would like 
   to have a couple of questions (and answers, unless those are obvious) 
   and literature definition, if any. Please bring them with you.  

   In practice, almost all of the few theoretical chemists in Finland
   seem to like to come. The topic is totally changed every year.

   The atmosphere has been intensive and informal. The 1985-94 events took
   place in the old building at Et. Hesperiankatu 4. It was small and shabby
   but had its dilapidated charm. No deterioration of the spirit was,
   however detected in 1995, in the shiny new building at A.I. Virtasen aukio 1.